This chapter explores the profound struggles between truth and falsehood as depicted in Surat Al-A’raf, focusing primarily on the narratives of Moses, Aaron, and the Children of Israel versus Pharaoh and his followers. It highlights pivotal moments of divine intervention that decisively tilt the balance towards truth, continuing the enduring conflict that traces back to Adam.

In the previous chapter, we discussed the genesis of this perpetual conflict with the story of Adam and Eve facing Satan’s deceit. We also recounted historical accounts of Noah, Ad, Thamud, Lut, and Midian. These narratives were interspersed with commentary on the divine cosmic Sunnah of annihilation—the eradication of those who oppose Islam.

In this chapter, we resume with the narrative following the delivery of the Children of Israel from Pharaoh. This marks a significant shift in Allah’s cosmic Sunnah from eradicating opponents to engaging in mutual resistance. With the legislation of Jihad, believers are now called to unite under-recognized leadership, whether to wage defensive or offensive wars against those who militarily or intellectually oppose the message, including through intellectual combat campaigns.

We also delve deeper into the expansive narrative of the Children of Israel, highlighted for several vital reasons. Firstly, the Children of Israel exemplify the cosmic Sunnah of mutual resistance between truth and falsehood, a theme that resonates strongly with today’s Muslim community. Furthermore, they are often presented as a cautionary tale for the Muslim Ummah, as previously demonstrated in Surat Al-Baqarah and Al-Imran.

A significant issue for the Children of Israel was their tendency towards passivity, a condition that mirrors the state of many Muslims today. The story of Moses and Aaron, who were prepared to execute Allah’s command to enter the sacred land, starkly contrasts with the Children of Israel’s reluctance and objections. This scenario is reflective of the current condition within the Muslim Ummah, where although some individuals demonstrate the resolve of Moses and Aaron, the majority remain hesitant or undecided, much like the Children of Israel.

The First Confrontation of Truth and Falsehood (7:103-126)

In a pivotal moment within the narrative of Surat Al-A’raf, the clash between truth and falsehood unfolds dramatically through the encounter of Musa (Moses) with Fir’aun (Pharaoh) and his sorcerers. This episode marks a critical juncture in the divine narrative, showcasing the transformative power of truth upon those who initially stood against it.

As the story progresses, Musa is sent by Allah with clear signs to Fir’aun and his chiefs, who, entrenched in their ways, wrongfully dismiss this divine evidence. Musa’s mission is not only to challenge Fir’aun tyranny but also to liberate the Children of Israel from bondage, asserting nothing but the truth about Allah’s commands.

Upon Musa’s demonstration of his signs — his stick turning into a serpent and his hand becoming radiantly white — the sorcerers, initially summoned to outmatch him, recognize something profoundly different in Musa’s display. Unlike their illusions, Musa’s miracles are genuine and divine, transcending the sorceries they had mastered, which were mere manipulations making people see contrary to reality.

When commanded by Musa to throw their tricks, the sorcerers perform, bewitching the eyes of the onlookers and instilling fear with their formidable magic. However, when Musa throws his stick, it miraculously swallows all falsehoods presented by the sorcerers, a clear sign of divine supremacy over human deception. This undeniable display of truth strikes the sorcerers profoundly, leading to an immediate and resolute conversion; they fall down prostrate, declaring their belief in the Lord of Musa and Harun (Aaron).

This moment is crucial as it signifies the defeat of Fir’aun ploys and highlights a significant theme: the immediate recognition and acceptance of truth by those who were once its staunch opponents. The sorcerers’ instant embrace of faith, despite knowing the severe repercussions from Fir’aun, including threats of brutal punishment, underscores the profound impact of witnessing true divine power. They express a willingness to endure any suffering, showing a profound faith in their newfound belief, preferring divine approval over Fir’aun favor.

Their declaration, “Verily, we are returning to our Lord,” and their plea for patience and a dignified death as Muslims resonate as a powerful testament to their complete transformation from practitioners of deception to witnesses and martyrs for truth. This story serves as a narrative of spiritual enlightenment and the victory of truth over falsehood and a reminder of the enduring struggle between these two forces, echoed across the histories of prophets and their communities.

In summarizing this pivotal confrontation, the first encounter delineates the profound shifts from deceit to divine truth, illustrating the transformative power of genuine faith and the ultimate triumph of truth as ordained by Allah. This theme resonates deeply within the Islamic tradition and serves as a moral and spiritual guide for the believers.

The Test of Faith and Resilience (7:127-137)

The following narrative recounts historical events and imparts profound moral and spiritual lessons. It underscores the importance of steadfastness and unity in faith, particularly under persecution, and warns against the dangers of hypocrisy and despair when faced with trials. For believers, the story serves as a reminder of the transformative power of sincere faith to overcome dire conditions and secure divine assistance and victory. The contrasting responses to Musa’s message illustrate every community’s critical choice when confronted with truth—whether to embrace it resolutely or reject it at their peril.

Power Brokers and the Guardians of the Status Quo (7:127): In the narrative of Musa (Moses) and the Children of Israel, Surat Al-A’raf delineates the contrasting responses to divine signs between two distinct groups: the sorcerers who embrace truth and Pharaoh’s power brokers who persist in falsehood. Verse 127 underscores the reaction of Pharaoh’s chiefs, who are deeply entrenched in preserving their power and the existing religious order. Viewing Musa’s divine message as a significant threat, they prompt Pharaoh to take drastic measures to maintain control, advocating for the extermination of the male children of the Israelites and sparing the females, thus highlighting their ruthless determination to uphold their authority.

The Response of the Children of Israel (7: 128-129): In sharp contrast to the former sorcerers’ resolve, the Children of Israel display notable passivity. As the trials from Pharaoh intensify, instead of showing unity and resilience, they fall into a pattern of blaming Musa for their increasing hardships, as depicted in verses 129 and 131. This passive attitude reflects a broader spiritual lethargy and a lack of faith in the divine promises, similar to the skepticism and hypocrisy highlighted in Surat Al-Anfal (8:49), where some Muslims doubted their situation during trials.

Divine Retribution and Lessons (7:130-136): Verses 130 to 136 chronicle the series of divine punishments inflicted upon Pharaoh’s people, including drought, crop failures, and plagues of locusts, lice, frogs, and blood, intended as signs to encourage repentance. Despite these clear signs, Pharaoh’s court remains arrogantly defiant, failing to turn back to Allah sincerely. They repeatedly promise to believe and to release the Children of Israel when afflictions are lifted. Yet, each time relief is granted, they renege on their promises, demonstrating persistent ingratitude and stubbornness.

The Triumph of the Oppressed (7:137): Verse 137 robustly resolves the trials of the Children of Israel. After enduring severe suffering and maintaining their faith, they are finally granted victory. Allah rewards them with the inheritance of lands previously dominated by their oppressors—territories described as blessed in both the eastern and western parts. This divine fulfillment emphasizes a fundamental Quranic theme: ultimate success and the inheritance of the earth are bestowed upon those who steadfastly endure in faith and righteousness despite the apparent might of their oppressors.

The Indecision and Passivity of the Children of Israel (7:138-141)

After miraculously crossing the sea and witnessing the overwhelming defeat of their enemy, Pharaoh, and his hosts, the Children of Israel encountered a new test that exposed their spiritual immaturity and indecision. Verse 138 of Surat Al-A’raf recounts this pivotal moment: “And We brought the Children of Israel (with safety) across the sea, and they came upon a people devoted to some of their idols (in worship). They said: ‘O Musa (Moses)! Make for us an ilahan (a god) as they have aliha (gods).’ He said: ‘Verily, you are a people who know not (the Majesty and Greatness of Allah and what is obligatory upon you, i.e., to worship none but Allah Alone, the One and the Only God of all that exists).'”

This request for an idol, akin to those worshipped by a tribe they encountered in Sinai, starkly contrasts with the profound miracles they had just experienced. Despite their direct salvation from tyranny, their demand reveals a deep-seated inclination toward the tangible and familiar forms of worship practiced by other cultures, highlighting their struggle with the abstract monotheistic worship of Allah.

Parallel with Early Muslims Post-Conquest of Mecca

A similar situation occurred with the early Muslims shortly after the conquest of Mecca. The hadeeth narrated by Abu Waqid al-Laythi illustrates this parallel: “They went out from Macca with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to Hunain. The disbelievers had a tree to which they would go and spend time (to seek blessings) and they used to hang their weapons on it, and it was called Dhaat Anwat. We passed by a large green tree and said: ‘O Messenger of Allah, make for us a Dhaat Anwat.’ The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: ‘By the One in Whose hand is my soul, you have said the same as the people of Musa said: make for us a god as they have gods. Surely, you are a person who knows nothing. These are ways that you will certainly follow as did those who came before you, step by step.'”[1]

Musa’s rebuke to the Children of Israel and Muhammad’s response to his followers underscore communities’ timeless challenge in maintaining pure faith amidst influences from prevailing cultures and religions.

Musa further warns in verses 139-141 that the path of idolatry only leads to destruction and nullifies the deeds of those who partake in it. He reminds them of the unique favor Allah has bestowed upon them, rescuing them from Pharaoh’s tyranny—a favor that should have solidified their faith in Him alone.

The narratives of the Children of Israel and the early Muslims illustrate a critical lesson: the journey towards true faith often involves overcoming deeply ingrained cultural practices and the human propensity towards tangible symbols of devotion. It emphasizes the need for spiritual education and patience in guiding communities towards understanding and fully embracing the concept of Tawheed, the oneness of Allah.

The Dynamics of Spiritual Arrogance (7: 142-147)

In these compelling verses from Surat Al-A’raf, we witness Allah’s deep spiritual interactions and commands given to Musa (Moses), emphasizing the root causes of passivity and indecision as arrogance and pride, which lead to the denial of clear divine signs.

The Appointment and Resolve of Musa (7:142): Verse 142 describes the initial stage of Musa’s divine appointment, where he was called for forty nights of solitude and communion with Allah. Before departing, Musa instructs his brother Harun (Aaron) to lead the people in his absence, urging him to guide them toward righteousness and away from the mischief-makers. This instruction underscores the importance of steadfast leadership and the dangers of deviating from divine commandments.

The Divine Encounter and Revelation (7:143): Upon meeting Allah at the appointed time and place, Musa’s request to see Allah directly leads to a profound lesson on human perception’s limitations and the divine’s awe-inspiring power. When Allah manifests His presence to the mountain, causing it to crumble, Musa falls unconscious, overwhelmed by the experience. His reaction upon regaining consciousness—”Glory be to You, I turn to You in repentance, and I am the first of the believers”—reflects his profound humility and recognition of his place before God.

Divine Selection and Responsibility (7:144): In verse 144, Allah reaffirms Musa’s chosen status, granted due to his adherence to Allah’s messages and capacity for direct communication with the divine. This selection carries a significant responsibility to uphold and disseminate the Divine commandments, as highlighted when Allah entrusts Musa with the Tablets containing guidance and explanation.

Arrogance as a Barrier to Faith (7:146): Verse 146 starkly illustrates how arrogance obstructs the path to true faith. Allah declares that those who behave arrogantly on Earth without just cause will be deliberately turned away from understanding or believing in the divine signs. Their arrogance closes their eyes to the path of righteousness and inclines them toward error. This is attributed to their rejection and heedlessness of Allah’s signs, encapsulating the core message that arrogance and pride can lead one to ignore the truth even when it is manifestly clear.

Consequences of Denial (7:147): Verse 147 warns about the consequences of denying Allah’s signs and the reality of the Hereafter. Those who deny these truths will find their deeds rendered futile, and they should not expect any reward other than the consequences of their actions. This verse emphasizes the ultimate accountability that awaits all and the vain nature of a life in denial of divine truth.

These verses from Surat Al-A’raf profoundly explore the spiritual pitfalls of arrogance and pride, highlighting their role in fostering passivity and indecision among believers. They call for a reflection on the importance of humility, the acceptance of divine guidance, and the dire consequences of rejecting the truth.

The Temptation of the Golden Calf: Passivity and Resilience (7:148-153)

During Musa’s (Moses) absence, a significant test unfolded for the Children of Israel, a test that vividly showcased the dangers of ignorance and the susceptibility to deviation without steadfast leadership. This incident, chronicled in verses 148-153 of the Qur’an, not only reveals the spiritual failings of the Children of Israel but also highlights Harun’s (Aaron’s) resilience in the face of severe adversity.

The Creation of the Golden Calf: While Musa was receiving the Tablets, his people, led astray by As-Samiri, constructed a calf from their ornaments, which emitted a lowing sound. Verse 148 critiques their actions sharply: “Did they not see that it could neither speak to them nor guide them to the way? They took it for worship and were Zalimun (wrong-doers).” This verse underscores the folly of idolatry, as the idol, despite its allure, could not communicate or lead, highlighting the profound ignorance and spiritual crisis that had enveloped the community.

Regret and Repentance: The Children of Israel realized their grave error as they acknowledged their deviation from the path of righteousness. Verse 149 captures their remorse: “If our Lord has not mercy upon us and forgives us, we shall certainly be among the losers.” This plea for divine forgiveness illustrates a moment of collective repentance, even after succumbing to a significant spiritual lapse.

Musa’s Anguish and Harun’s Stand: Musa’s reaction was intense anger and grief upon his return, as depicted in verse 150. His confrontation with Harun reveals the fierce pressure Harun had been operating under. Harun’s defense, “Indeed the people judged me weak and were about to kill me, so make not the enemies rejoice over me, nor put me amongst the people who are Zalimun (wrong-doers),” highlights not only his precarious position but also his steadfastness in trying to prevent the worship of the calf, even risking his life.

Divine Judgement and Mercy: The narrative progresses to Musa’s prayer for forgiveness for himself and his brother in verse 151, emphasizing the need for divine mercy even for the prophets in their intercessory roles. Verses 152 and 153 delineate the consequences for those who indulged in idolatry—divine wrath and humiliation in this world—and the promise of forgiveness for those who repent and believe, showcasing Allah’s overarching mercy and forgiveness.

This episode critically examines the dynamics of passivity triggered by ignorance and the contrasting resilience demonstrated by leaders like Harun. It reflects the struggle between succumbing to temptation and adhering to Faith, emphasizing the need for vigilance, strong leadership, and unwavering Faith in facing challenges. Despite witnessing profound miracles, the Children of Israel’s lapse into idolatry illustrates the persistent human frailty that can prevail unless guided by steadfast and righteous leadership.

Divine Tests and Responses: The Incident of the Seventy-Men (7:154-159)

The narrative in verses 154-159 of the Qur’an unfolds with significant lessons on leadership, divine justice, and human responses to divine commands, highlighting the contrasting attitudes of resoluteness and passivity among the followers of Musa (Moses).

Divine Guidance and Mercy (7:154): Verse 154 revisits the moment when Musa’s anger subsided, and he once again took up the Tablets that contained divine guidance and mercy for those who revere their Lord. This moment signifies a return to calm and rational leadership after the intense emotional upheavals caused by the idolatry of the golden calf.

The Testing of the Seventy Men: (7:155): Musa chose seventy of the best men among his people for a special meeting with the Divine at the appointed time and place. However, as described in verse 155, when they demanded to see Allah with their naked eyes, a severe earthquake seized them as a test and a sign of divine displeasure. Musa’s plea, “O my Lord, if it had been Your Will, You could have destroyed them and me before; would You destroy us for the deeds of the foolish ones among us?” reflects his intercessory role and his deep understanding of human frailty. He recognizes the test as a divine means of distinguishing between the steadfast and the wayward.

Divine Assurance and the Role of Future Prophets (7:156-157): In verses 156 and 157, Musa’s prayer extends to seeking good in this world and the Hereafter, reflecting a holistic view of divine mercy that is not limited to earthly life but extends into the afterlife. Allah’s response underscores His sovereign will in dispensing punishment and mercy, affirming that His mercy is all-encompassing but ordained explicitly for the pious who follow His decrees, including adherence to zakat and belief in His signs.

These verses also prophesy the coming of Muhammad, the unlettered Prophet mentioned in the Torah and the Gospel. He is described as commanding what is just and forbidding what is reprehensible, easing religious burdens, and guiding the believers toward success. This prophecy connects the narrative of Musa with the broader continuum of prophetic missions, emphasizing the consistency of divine message across different eras.

Universal Proclamation and the Success of Believers (7:158): Verse 158 articulates a universal declaration by Muhammad, affirming his role as a messenger to all of humanity, emphasizing the oneness of Allah, the giver of life and death. This proclamation is a call to belief and obedience, setting the foundation for guidance through the final Qur’an scripture.

Leadership and Justice Among the Followers of Musa (7:159): Finally, verse 159 highlights that among the followers of Musa, there was a community that led with truth and established justice. This subset of leaders exemplifies the ideal response to divine guidance—leading with truth and ensuring justice according to divine laws. Their existence within the broader community underscores the variability in human responses to prophetic teachings and divine tests.

This section of verses profoundly illustrates the challenges faced by divine leaders like Musa and the varied responses of their followers, from those who falter in their faith to those who rise to the occasion by upholding truth and justice. The narrative serves as a timeless reminder of the importance of steadfast faith, the dangers of demanding signs beyond one’s capacity, and the eternal mercy available to those who repent and follow the path ordained by Allah.

Divine Provision and Human Ingratitude: (7:160-162)

The narrative of the Children of Israel, as depicted in verses 160-162 of the Qur’an, highlights a profound lesson on divine generosity and the recurrent theme of human ingratitude and disobedience. Despite the abundant provisions and clear guidance bestowed upon them, the Children of Israel’s responses reveal a troubling pattern of indecision and lack of resoluteness in their commitment to Allah’s commands.

Abundant Provisions and Divine Instructions (7:160): Verse 160 recounts the miraculous ways Allah catered to the needs of the twelve tribes descended from Israel. When they thirsted, Allah inspired Musa (Moses) to strike a stone with his staff, from which twelve springs miraculously gushed forth, ensuring each tribe knew their designated source of water. This precision alleviated their immediate physical needs and demonstrated Allah’s organized provision for His followers. Additionally, they were blessed with the comforts of shade from clouds and nourished with heavenly food in the form of Al-Manna and quails, with a divine exhortation to “Eat of the good things with which We have provided you.” Despite these blessings, the verse poignantly notes, “They harmed Us not, but they used to harm themselves,” highlighting the self-destructive nature of their ingratitude and disobedience.

A Test of Obedience and Humility (7:161): In verse 161, the Children of Israel were instructed to settle in Jerusalem and were given freedom to eat plentifully from the town. The command was simple: they were to enter the city gate humbly, prostrate in a gesture of repentance and submission, and ask for forgiveness. This act was designed to reinforce humility and obedience as central virtues, with a promise of divine forgiveness and increased rewards for those who adhered. The simplicity of this command underscores the ease with which they could secure divine favor, yet the test was profound in measuring their spiritual commitment.

Consequences of Altering Divine Commands (7:162): Despite the clarity of Allah’s instructions, verse 162 reveals that a faction among them altered the words they were commanded to speak. This disobedience was not a mere oversight but a deliberate modification of Allah’s command, demonstrating their audacity and disrespect for divine guidance. As a direct consequence of their actions, a torment from heaven was sent upon them, serving as both a punishment for their wrongdoing and a stark reminder of the severe repercussions of deviating from Allah’s path.

These verses reflect critically on the dynamics between divine benevolence and human response. Allah’s continuous provision and the straightforward nature of His commands contrast sharply with the indecision, ingratitude, and defiance exhibited by the Children of Israel. Their story is a cautionary tale about the potential consequences of taking divine mercy for granted and the importance of steadfastness in faith and obedience.

Through this narrative, the Qur’an illustrates not only the recurring themes of testing and punishment but also Allah’s enduring patience and mercy towards humanity. It calls upon believers to remember and learn from the past, live with gratitude and humility, and adhere strictly to the path of righteousness laid out by divine commandments.

The Tale of the Sabbath Breakers: (7:163-166)

The narrative of the Sabbath-breakers, detailed in verses 163-166 of the Qur’an, provides a profound insight into human behavior and divine justice, highlighting three distinct groups within the community:

• the violators who cunningly breached the Sabbath restrictions
• the adherents who courageously spoke against these violations
• the passive onlookers who criticized the efforts of those advocating for adherence to divine commands

Divine Trial and Human Transgression: Verse 163 sets the stage by describing a town by the sea whose inhabitants were tested with a divine decree regarding the Sabbath. On Saturdays, the fish appeared abundantly and visibly, tempting the people, whereas on other days, the fish did not appear. This test was designed to gauge their obedience to Allah’s commands. However, some inhabitants resorted to trickery to circumvent the Sabbath restrictions, setting up nets and traps on Fridays to technically claim not to be fishing on the Sabbath.

The Advocates of Truth and Their Critics: In response to these apparent transgressions, a group among the townspeople, recognized for their commitment to righteousness, questioned the purpose of preaching to those seemingly doomed to divine punishment due to their flagrant violations (verse 164). The preachers justified their actions by expressing their desire to absolve themselves of blame before Allah and to instill a sense of fear and reverence for divine laws among the transgressors.

Divine Response to Disobedience: As the situation escalated due to the community’s continued disobedience and disregard for the warnings, verse 165 recounts the consequences meted out by Allah. Those who persisted in their defiance despite reminders were subjected to severe punishment, underscoring the serious repercussions of rebelling against Allah’s commandments. In a stark manifestation of divine wrath, the worst offenders were transformed into monkeys, a form of degradation and a symbolic reflection of their moral decay (verse 166).

The Fate of the Passive Observers: The narrative also subtly addresses the role of the passive observers—those who neither partook in the transgressions nor supported the advocates of righteousness. Their criticism of the active proponents of truth highlights a common social dynamic where bystanders discourage active intervention in moral crises due to cynicism or fear of futile efforts. The Qur’anic recount does not explicitly detail their fate, focusing instead on the active participants of either side of the moral spectrum. However, their attitude is a caution against the dangers of indifference in the face of wrongdoing.

Lessons and Warnings for Humanity: This story serves multiple functions:

• a historical recount of past people
• a moral and spiritual lesson on the consequences of disobedience and the virtues of advocacy against wrongdoing
• a warning to all humanity

It emphasizes the importance of upholding divine commandments, the virtue of enjoining good and forbidding evil, and the perilous consequences of choosing inaction or defiance in the face of clear divine injunctions.

Through this narrative, the Qur’an illustrates human free will, divine justice, and the eternal struggle between moral integrity and failure. It reminds us of the ultimate accountability that awaits all actions and urges believers to live with conscientious adherence to what is commanded and avoidance of what is prohibited.

Conclusion: The Historical Narrative of the Children of Israel (7:167-171)

The journey of the Children of Israel, as depicted through the Qur’anic verses, embodies the perpetual conflict between truth and falsehood. This narrative spans generations and highlights the recurring themes of divine testing, human fallibility, and the mercy of Allah. The narrative serves as a historical account and a moral and spiritual lesson for all believers.

Divine Justice and Enduring Trials (7:167): Verse 167 articulates a profound declaration from Allah regarding the Children of Israel. It underscores a recurring divine principle: the continuous testing through those who would inflict upon them humiliating torment until the Day of Resurrection. This perpetual challenge is a testament to Allah’s swift retribution towards the disobedient and the wicked, balanced by His infinite mercy towards those who seek forgiveness and adhere to His commands.

Fragmentation and Divine Trials (7:168): In verse 168, the fragmentation of the Children of Israel into various groups—each experiencing its moral and spiritual trials through blessings and calamities—is highlighted. This dispersion is a divine strategy to test their resilience and obedience, pushing them toward potential redemption. The division into groups reflects the broader human condition, where individuals and communities continuously navigate the moral landscape between righteousness and transgression.

Consequences of Worldly Temptations (7:169): Verse 169 critiques a succeeding generation that, despite inheriting the divine scripture, prioritized worldly gains over spiritual obligations. Their rationalization that “everything will be forgiven” underscores a dangerous complacency and misinterpretation of divine forgiveness, leading them further into sin whenever opportunities arise. This attitude starkly contrasts with the covenant made with Allah to speak only truth regarding Him and to prioritize the hereafter over fleeting worldly pleasures.

Adherence to Divine Commandments (7:170): Verse 170 highlights the commendable behavior of those who steadfastly adhere to the divine revelations and maintain their ritual prayers. Allah promises these individuals that their righteous deeds will not go unrewarded, emphasizing the importance of consistency in faith and actions as a safeguard against moral and spiritual decline.

A Monumental Reminder (7:171): The narrative from verse 171, where a mountain was raised above the Children of Israel as if a canopy about to fall, symbolizes the weight and seriousness of their covenant with Allah. This dramatic demonstration was meant to instill in them a deep fear of Allah and encourage strict adherence to the Torah. It serves as a powerful reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the importance of remaining true to one’s faith in the face of divine tests.

Synthesis of Themes: The historical narrative of the Children of Israel encapsulates vital themes relevant to all believers:

• the enduring struggle between adhering to divine truth and succumbing to falsehood
• the consequences of passivity versus the rewards of resoluteness
• the impact of arrogance and ignorance in straying from the path of righteousness

It teaches that divine tests come in various forms, and one can only hope to navigate these challenges successfully through steadfast faith, continuous self-assessment, and adherence to divine commandments.

This timeless narrative encourages believers to reflect on their spiritual journeys, urging them to choose resoluteness in faith over passivity, seek knowledge over ignorance, and prefer eternal divine rewards over temporary worldly pleasures.

The Divine Covenant and Human Fitrah: (7:172-174)

In verses 172 to 174 of the Qur’an, a profound interaction between Allah and the souls of Adam’s progeny is recounted, highlighting the intrinsic nature of belief (Fitrah) embedded within every human being. This narrative not only underscores the inherent understanding of divine lordship and accountability but also emphasizes the role of parental guidance and prophetic missions in preserving this natural disposition towards monotheism.

The Primordial Covenant (7:172): Verse 172 describes a pivotal moment in the spiritual history of humanity where Allah made all descendants of Adam bear witness to His Lordship before their birth into the world. This event, often referred to as the “Primordial Covenant,” involves Allah asking the souls, “Am I not your Lord?” to which they affirmatively respond, “Yes! We testify.” This acknowledgment ensures that every human being is born with an innate recognition of Allah as their Creator and Sustainer, embedding the truth of monotheism into the very core of human consciousness. This divine setup safeguards against ignorance on the Day of Resurrection, ensuring that no soul can claim unawareness of this fundamental truth.

Impact of Ancestral Practices and Parental Guidance (7:173): Verse 173 addresses a common justification that might arise on Judgment Day, where individuals could blame their polytheistic practices on cultural inheritance from their ancestors. It warns against using forefathers’ beliefs to justify deviation from the Fitrah. This verse illuminates the critical role of parents and preceding generations in nurturing or corrupting the natural disposition towards Tawheed (the oneness of Allah). Parental guidance is pivotal; their heedlessness or negligence in teaching monotheism can lead to a gradual shift away from Fitrah towards adopted beliefs in polytheism and falsehood.

Role of Messengers and Divine Clarification (7:174): Verse 174 explains that Allah, in His mercy, has not left humanity without guidance and reminders of this primordial covenant. The sending of messengers, who come to reiterate the message of monotheism, is part of Allah’s plan to revive the inherent belief in every human’s heart. These messengers serve as a clear sign and a continuation of the divine mercy, ensuring that the truth is accessible and understandable, enabling people to return to their original fitnah.

The Perpetual Challenge: These verses collectively highlight the dynamic interaction between divine grace and human agency. While every individual is born with an innate understanding of Allah’s sovereignty, external influences such as societal norms, parental upbringing, and personal choices play significant roles in reinforcing or obscuring this understanding. The remainder, through prophets and revealed scriptures, serve as a means to rekindle the innate belief and guide humanity back to the truth, encouraging a rejection of inherited falsehood and a return to the sanctity of their Fitrah.

This narrative is not merely a theological assertion but a call to introspection and active re-engagement with one’s intrinsic faith. It urges believers to reflect on their beliefs, reassess their spiritual commitments, and ensure they align with the truth of Tawheed. It is a reminder that despite the forgetfulness that may pervade human existence, the echo of that primordial affirmation of Allah’s Lordship remains within, waiting to be reawakened through reflection, righteous conduct, and adherence to prophetic teachings.

The Perils of Rejecting Guidance: The Parable of the Dog (7:175-179)

In these compelling verses (175-179), the Qur’an vividly illustrates the grave consequences of rejecting divine signs through the parable of an individual who, despite being endowed with divine revelations, chose to forsake them. This narrative is a stern warning about the dangers of willful ignorance and the following spiritual degradation.

The Tale of Forsaken Guidance (7:175): Verse 175 narrates the story of a man who was granted access to Allah’s signs, embodying divine wisdom and guidance. However, instead of cherishing these revelations, he discarded them, leading to his spiritual downfall. Satan, ever watchful for such opportunities, pursued him relentlessly, ensuring his continued estrangement from the path of righteousness. This account emphasizes that mere possession of knowledge is insufficient; the essential lies in its acceptance and the transformation it should inspire within an individual.

The Metaphor of the Dog (7:176): In verse 176, the Qur’an draws a powerful comparison to a dog, an animal characterized in this context by its base desires and instinctual reactions. Whether rebuked or left alone, the dog’s behavior remains unchanged, symbolizing the state of a person who, despite the availability of divine guidance, clings to earthly desires and persists in sinful behaviors. This metaphor starkly illustrates the spiritual stagnation and degradation of those who abandon the path of divine enlightenment for worldly pursuits.

Reflective Purpose of Parables: Such a parable is not merely for narrative effect but serves a profound pedagogical purpose. Allah invites humanity to reflect upon these examples, as stated in verse 176, so they might derive lessons about the spiritual peril of neglecting divine signs. The stories of those who went astray are recounted not as distant tales but as cautionary lessons that echo through generations, urging a contemplative engagement with divine revelations.

Consequences of Denial (7:178): Verse 177 encapsulates the ultimate misfortune of those who deny Allah’s signs, emphasizing that such Denial is not only a transgression against the Creator but a profound injustice against one’s soul. The description of spiritual loss is further compounded in verses 178 and 179, where the delineation between divine guidance and misguidance is clearly stated. Those whom Allah allows to stray are indeed at a loss, enveloped in spiritual heedlessness.

A Stark Warning: The Likeness to Cattle (7:179): In a stark depiction, verse 179 compares those who reject divine truths to cattle—creatures led by basic instincts, devoid of reflective capacities. However, it goes further to state that such individuals are even more astray than cattle because, unlike animals, which follow their innate nature and thus remain in a state of submission to their natural roles, humans endowed with intellect and revelation who forsake these gifts fall lower than animals. They possess the faculties for understanding, seeing, and hearing the truth, yet choose to live in heedlessness.

This section of the Qur’an powerfully emphasizes that Allah has equipped humans with intellectual and spiritual capacities not merely for mundane existence but to recognize and reflect upon the signs of creation that confirm the truths found in divine revelation. Ignoring these signs not only results in a loss of divine guidance but degrades one’s inherent human dignity and potential, reducing one to a state worse than animals, who naturally submit to their instinctual roles. The narrative serves as a profound reminder of the responsibilities that come with our divinely endowed faculties and the severe consequences of neglecting this sacred trust.

Call to Action: Embracing Resoluteness (7:180-188)

The following verses from Surat Al-A’raf encompass a powerful call to action for believers to deepen their faith by invoking Allah through His beautiful names, following the guidance of the Messenger, and preparing for the ultimate reality of the Hereafter, which may arrive at any moment. This theme underscores the urgency and importance of spiritual readiness and the constant reflection on one’s relationship with the divine while navigating through life’s temporal challenges with an eye toward eternal consequences.

Invoking Allah’s Names and Attributes (7:180): Verse 180 encourages believers to invoke Allah by His Most Beautiful Names, highlighting the power of divine attributes in personal supplication and reflection. This act is not just a form of worship but a means of fostering a deeper connection with Allah, understanding His nature, and living by His will. It also serves as a directive to dissociate from those who deny or disrespect these attributes, ensuring that one’s spiritual environment supports faithfulness rather than detracting from it.

Guidance and Justice Through Truth (7:181): Verse 181 acknowledges the existence of a community among Allah’s creation who not only understand the truth but actively guide others towards it and establish justice based on that guidance. This verse is a nod to the responsibility that comes with knowledge – to lead by example and advocate for truth and fairness in all aspects of life.

Gradual Consequences for Denial (7:182-183): Verses 182 and 183 discuss the divine strategy for dealing with denial and rejection of Allah’s signs. The gradual and often imperceptible approach of divine retribution is a solemn reminder of the consequences of persistent disbelief and the strength of Allah’s strategic planning in human affairs.

Reflection and the Role of the Messenger (7:184-188): Verses 184 to 188 pivot on the importance of reflection and the role of the Prophet Muhammad as a warner and a bearer of glad tidings. These verses challenge the skeptics and the heedless to consider the clarity and sanity of the Prophet’s message against the backdrop of the universe and its meticulously crafted existence. The mention of the inevitable yet unpredictable arrival of the Hour reinforces the urgency of heeding the Prophet’s warnings and embracing the message of Islam entirely before it is too late.

Understanding Divine Preordainment: The theme culminates in acknowledging human limitations in knowing the unseen and controlling one’s fate, as expressed in verses 187 and 188. This acknowledgment reinforces the concept of Tawakkul (reliance on Allah) and the modest position humans occupy within the broader divine scheme. The Prophet’s admission of his limitations in knowledge and power underscores the essence of prophethood – not to bring benefit or harm by one’s own volition but to act as a conduit for Allah’s will and guidance.

In essence, these verses from Surat Al-A’raf articulate a profound and comprehensive call to action for believers: to embrace fully the belief in Allah through sincere invocation, to follow the teachings of the Messenger earnestly, and to prepare for the life hereafter by constantly being aware of the transient nature of worldly life and the suddenness with which the final Hour will arrive.

Resoluteness: Embracing Monotheism and Rejecting Polytheism (7:190-198)

The series of verses from Surat Al-A’raf (189-198) strongly emphasize the critical nature of rejecting polytheism (shirk) and upholding monotheism (Tawheed) as foundational steps towards spiritual resoluteness. This section underlines the consequences of deviating from this path and the importance of recognizing the sole sovereignty of Allah in all aspects of life.

The Trial of Gratitude and Faith (7:189): Verse 189 introduces us to humanity’s creation through Adam and his wife, Hawwa (Eve), illustrating the innate human need for companionship and progeny. When blessed with the prospect of a child, Adam and Eve demonstrate a model of faith and reliance on Allah by praying for a righteous child and vowing gratitude. This scenario sets the stage for understanding how blessings should be met with monotheistic faith.

The Slip into Polytheism (7:190) : However, as verse 190 reveals, upon receiving their prayer’s answer—a righteous child—the couple slips into the error of ascribing partners to Allah in gratitude and devotion. This attribution signifies a profound spiritual lapse, illustrating how even those initially firm in faith can falter. Allah’s exaltation above all that they wrongfully associate with Him is a reminder of His unparalleled supremacy and the folly of shirk.

The Futility of Idolatry (7:191-195): Verses 191 through 195 further expand on the absurdity and helplessness of idols or partners that people set up alongside Allah. These verses challenge the polytheists to reflect on the inanimate nature of their idols, which neither create nor possess any power to affect their circumstances, emphasizing that these so-called partners cannot aid them nor even aid themselves.

The Call to Guidance (7: 193-198): Verses 193 and 198 highlight the ineffectiveness of idols in spiritual guidance. Despite the call for advice, idols need to be more responsive. They are unable to follow or even understand the invocation. This lack of responsiveness illustrates their inherent powerlessness and the misguided nature of seeking help or guidance from them.

Divine Protection for the Righteous (7:196): In stark contrast to the impotence of idols, verse 196 declares Allah as the sole protector and supporter of the righteous. He is the revealer of the Qur’an and the guardian of those who adhere to His path. This verse reassures believers of the divine support awaiting those who reject idolatry and embrace pure monotheism.

The Ineffectiveness of Other Deities (7:197): Verse 197 reiterates that those invoked besides Allah cannot assist their worshippers or support themselves, reinforcing the concept of divine exclusivity in Protection and help.

These verses serve as a potent reminder of the foundational Islamic principle of Tawheed. The call to action is clear: believers must diligently guard against the influences of polytheism, recognize Allah’s exclusive sovereignty, and rely solely on Him. By doing so, they ensure their spiritual resoluteness and effectively prepare for eventual accountability in the Hereafter. Embracing this path is about rejecting idolatry and actively affirming one’s complete faith and dependence on Allah, the Creator and Sustainer of all that exists.

Resoluteness: Embracing Devotion through Submission (7:199-206): 

In a world teeming with distractions and spiritual trials, the Qur’an offers a profound blueprint for achieving spiritual resoluteness, emphasizing the importance of seeking refuge in Allah from both human disruptions and satanic influences. This guidance is crucial in maintaining focus on one’s spiritual journey, emphasizing forgiveness, the avoidance of the ignorant, and protection against the whispers of Satan.

Seeking Divine Refuge and Embracing the Qur’an: To fortify oneself against spiritual distractions, it is vital to turn away from those who engage in ignorant behaviors by forgiving them and focusing on personal growth. Similarly, shielding oneself from satanic whispers is essential for maintaining purity of intention and action. Engaging deeply with the revelations of the Qur’an allows believers to immerse themselves in divine wisdom, which is instrumental in receiving Allah’s mercy and staying connected to the proper path.

The Power of Remembrance and Prayer: Consistent remembrance of Allah (Dhikr) is a powerful tool against heedlessness or Ghaflah, which leads to indecision and passivity. Dhikr serves as a spiritual anchor, keeping the believer mindful of Allah’s presence and fostering a continuous awareness of His greatness and benevolence. Furthermore, embracing Salah (prayer), particularly the act of Sajdah (prostration), embodies the ultimate submission to Allah. Sajdah is not merely a physical act but a profound demonstration of spiritual surrender, humility, and devotion.

Prostration and Satan’s Regret: The significance of Sajdah is highlighted by a poignant narration by Abu Hurairah, the Prophet peace be upon him said, “Where upon witnessing a son of Adam prostrate as commanded, Satan withdraws, lamenting his fate with tears: “Woe to him! The son of Adam was commanded to prostrate, and he prostrated, so for him is Paradise. I was commanded to prostrate, and I refused, so for me is the Fire.”[2] This hadith starkly illustrates the consequences of obedience versus rebellion against divine commands.

Conclusion: The Culmination of Surat Al-A’raf: Surat Al-A’raf encapsulates this journey of spiritual resoluteness, beginning with the narrative of Satan’s refusal to prostrate before Adam, contrasting it dramatically at the end with the act of Sajdat Tilawah (prostration of recitation). This structural design serves as a powerful reminder of the choices each believer faces: to submit to Allah’s will and attain Paradise or to follow in the footsteps of Satan and face dire consequences. Each act of prostration reaffirms the believer’s choice to obey, humbly submitting to the divine will and distancing oneself from the path of arrogance and defiance.

This comprehensive approach—incorporating seeking refuge, engaging with the Qur’an, practicing Dhikr, and performing Salah—provides a robust framework for believers striving to achieve resoluteness in their faith. It ensures that their spiritual path is marked by conscious submission, continuous reflection, and unwavering devotion to Allah.

Conclusion: Living Monotheism with Resolute Faith:

Surat Al-A’raf concludes with a powerful reinforcement of the principles introduced in Surah Al-An’am. It emphasizes the importance of monotheism not merely as a belief to be professed but as an active commitment to be demonstrated in every aspect of a believer’s life. This Surah extends the theological discourse into practical realms, underscoring the necessity of embodying monotheism through unwavering faith and consistent adherence to the commands of Allah and His messenger.

The narratives within Surat Al-A’raf, particularly those involving the trials of Moses and the Children of Israel, reflect profoundly on the nature of belief and the consequences of deviation. These stories are not just historical accounts but are presented as allegories and lessons on the dangers of spiritual passivity and the rewards of steadfast faith. The Surah illustrates how true monotheism is tested in the crucible of real-world challenges, where the faithful are called upon to demonstrate their trust in Allah (Tawakkul) while actively engaging with the world around them (Asbab).

As we transition from the foundational teachings of Surat Al-Anam and Al-A’raf to the challenges depicted in Al-Anfal and At-Taubah, we see a thematic progression from establishing faith to testing its integrity in the face of adversity. Al-Anfal and At-Taubah examine whether Muslims have genuinely internalized the essence of monotheism as they navigate conflicts and the demands of communal and moral responsibilities. These Surahs explore how believers balance the pursuit of worldly means with a deep reliance on divine will and how they embody repentance and renewal after faltering.

The conclusion of Surat Al-A’raf is both a summation and a bridge to these forthcoming challenges. It calls upon the faithful to uphold monotheism’s tenets and prepare for the trials that will test their commitment and resilience. The Surah’s end emphasizes that true belief is demonstrated through action—action informed by divine Guidance and executed with conviction and moral clarity.

In this light, Surat Al-A’raf serves as a critical juncture in the Quranic narrative, reinforcing monotheism through the stories of past prophets and their communities and setting the stage for the subsequent revelations that will further challenge and refine the believer’s understanding and practice of their faith. It is a call to move beyond a mere declaration of faith to a profound engagement with its deepest implications, ensuring that believers are equipped with the knowledge of what it means to believe in one God and the wisdom to live according to this profound truth.